66 pages • 2 hours read
A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This section depicts slavery and discusses death by suicide.
In a future version of Korea, a person known as the Archivist interrogates a clone named Sonmi~451. The transcript of the interrogation suggests that this is the final conversation in a series. Sonmi describes her previous life working at a fast food restaurant named Papa Song’s. Each day, her life follows the exact same routine, and—after her shift—she and her coworkers eat Soap, a food substance that immediately put them to sleep. Workers serve in Papa Song’s for “twelve working years” (187), earning a star for each year of service. At the end of these 12 years, they’re permitted to retire in Hawaii.
The Archivist wants to talk about the “notorious” Yoona~939. In Sonmi’s recollections, Yoona is also a fabricant (the word used for cloned humans). However, Yoona begins developing skills at a far more advanced level than the other fabricants. She shows Sonmi how their boss, Seer Rhee, drinks heavily and introduces her to unfamiliar objects like flashlights and children’s books. She also teaches Sonmi words, including “secret.” The two both dream of being anywhere but Papa Song’s. One day, Yoona abducts a “kindergarten boy in a sailor suit” (201). Since the elevators in Papa Song’s didn’t function for fabricants, she needs a Soul (a device to identify non-cloned humans) to escape the restaurant. Yoona is quickly caught. Sonmi sees the elevator return; inside, Yoona’s body is “a pulp of gun holes” (202). In no time at all, Yoona~939 is replaced by a “new Yoona.”
In passing, Sonmi mentions her birthmark. The Archivist says it “resembles a comet” (205). Sonmi describes how in her past she gradually becomes self-aware, developing more advanced language skills and seeking out knowledge. One day, she discovers that Seer Rhee has overdosed. Sonmi assumed that he died by suicide. When the time comes for the workers to wake up, an unfamiliar man named Mr. Chang appears. He leads Sonmi away from the restaurant, allowing her to see the world outside. Chang takes Sonmi through the chaotic city to a university and introduces Boom-Sook Kim, a grimy grad student. Under his care, Sonmi isn’t permitted to do much, though she’s often left alone. The following day, Wing~027 visits Sonmi. Like Sonmi, he’s a fabricant. Wing gives Sonmi an electronic learning device that contains everything Sonmi could ever want to know but warns Sonmi to avoid being discovered with the device by a non-fabricated human. Fabricants are forbidden from learning because the prospect of an educated fabricant scares the ruling class.
Sonmi spends nine months teaching herself everything, using the device whenever Boom-Sook is away. During this time, she overhears a student say that Wing was killed in an experiment gone wrong. The students look at Sonmi, unaware that she has started to learn. As a big festival approaches, the students relax by drinking alcohol and watching pornography. Boom-Sook places fruit on Sonmi’s head and shoots at it with a crossbow, telling her to stand “very, very still” (223). He doesn’t care whether she dies. Boardman Mephi interrupts the party, criticizing Boom-Sook and expelling him from the university. Then, he takes Sonmi to his more refined quarters. He says he wants to run tests on her because she has acquired a level of learning rarely seen in fabricants. According to Mephi, the test results will be valuable and could raise “billions of research dollars” (229) for the university. In exchange, she’ll receive a Soul and can attend university courses remotely. However, her attendance at these classes is a “humiliation” because the non-fabricant students treat her with scorn. Sonmi isn’t pleased with just knowledge. She craves experience, so she’s permitted to travel around the city under the watch of Hae-Joo Im. He takes her shopping and to Papa Song’s, where Sonmi tries but fails to warn the fabricants that they’re “slaves.” They watch a movie titled The Ghastly Ordeal of Timothy Cavendish but are interrupted when a student named Xi-Li bursts into the theater, telling Hae-Joo that Mephi has been arrested and that the authorities are searching for Sonmi. Hae-Joo turns to Sonmi, revealing that he’s not exactly “who [he] said [he was]” (245).
Unlike previous chapters, Sonmi’s chapters don’t have a single, distinct narrator. Instead, her chapter takes the form of a dialogue between two people. The interrogation as narrative form is important: By constructing her chapters around a dialogue, particularly one in which Sonmi speaks most of the words, the novel creates a parity between the two characters. In this society, Sonmi and other fabricants are considered subhuman, supporting the theme of Slavery and Freedom. The Archivist, conversely, is a fully fledged non-fabricant and thus is entitled to every right denied to Sonmi. The narrative and the form don’t operate like the society, however. Sonmi arrests control of the narrative by placing herself on equal footing with the narrator. The Archivist may ask questions, but Sonmi dictates the flow and topics of conversation. She speaks freely, providing insight and knowledge that the Archivist lacks. Purely by speaking so freely, she asserts her humanity and her agency. In this sense, the novel uses the form of Sonmi’s chapters to reaffirm her humanity in the form of an equally weighted dialogue with a “pureblood” human.
Another reason that Sonmi’s chapters are important is that they move the scope of the novel from the past and the present and into the future. Whereas Ewing, Frobisher, and Luisa were products of the past, and Cavendish was a man of the present, Sonmi is the embodiment of a future, a place in which the fragilities and flaws of human humanity reach terrifying conclusions. The greed, spite, and desire to impose inhumanity on others that characterized the past manifests here in the treatment of the cloned fabricants. As such, the novel’s structure presents Sonmi’s heavily corporatized, dystopian future as the logical endpoint of humanity’s flaws. At the same time, however, Sonmi emerges as a scion of rebellious spirit. Like the other protagonists, she’s willing to challenge the status quo. If her society reveals the terrible future of humankind, then Sonmi is a defiant beacon of hope and someone who continues to challenge oppression. What she discovers and what she becomes as a result point to two of the book’s themes: Slavery and Freedom, and Authority and Greed. When she learns that the fabricants are enslaved, she wants to fight to free them from oppression by the greedy non-fabricants.
Despite her rebellious nature, Sonmi is buffered between terrible places. After seeing Yoona die, and after finding her boss dead, Sonmi begins her ascension. She gains self-awareness that metastasizes in her mind until she begins to realize that the Papa Song’s restaurant is just a prison. With outside help, she escapes. After a brief glimpse at the sheer scale of a world she never knew existed, Sonmi is hidden away in a grad student’s laboratory and subjected to whatever experiments the lazy student can be bothered to perform. This is just as much a prison but one in which her uncaring jailor immediately threatens her life. Sonmi’s journey mirrors Cavendish’s narrative; he fled from the threatening gangsters, only to find himself trapped in a retirement home. Sonmi flees from the prison of her life of drudgery only to become a subject in a science experiment that she doesn’t comprehend. Despite this, she receives hope in the form of learning. While Sonmi may be physically trapped, her exposure to the written history of humankind provides her with a mental escape. Sonmi comes to realize that liberty can transcend the physical form, which foreshadows the willingness with which she approaches her execution at the end of her second chapter.
Plus, gain access to 8,800+ more expert-written Study Guides.
Including features:
Anthropology
View Collection
Books on Justice & Injustice
View Collection
Challenging Authority
View Collection
Class
View Collection
Class
View Collection
Colonialism & Postcolonialism
View Collection
Contemporary Books on Social Justice
View Collection
Fantasy
View Collection
Historical Fiction
View Collection
Loyalty & Betrayal
View Collection
National Book Critics Circle Award...
View Collection
National Suicide Prevention Month
View Collection
Order & Chaos
View Collection
Politics & Government
View Collection
Power
View Collection
Religion & Spirituality
View Collection
Required Reading Lists
View Collection
Science Fiction & Dystopian Fiction
View Collection
Sociology
View Collection
The Booker Prizes Awardees & Honorees
View Collection
The Future
View Collection
The Past
View Collection
Truth & Lies
View Collection